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Important cattle breeds and their characteristics Among mammals, cattles belong to the genus Bos (ruminant quadrupeds), and the species being divided into Bos indicus (humped cattle), Bos taurus (without any hump), Bos bubalis (the buffalo). In India at present there are twenty six well defined breeds of cattle and six breeds of buffaloes found spread all over the country. Cattles are classified under three groups based on the purpose they serve to man. They are Dairy breeds, Dual purpose breeds and Draught breeds. A breed is a group of animals of a species which has for a long period been bred among themselves. The members of the breed have closely resembling characters and these characters are hereditarily transmissible to young ones. (Important cattle breeds) Cattle Breeds Dairy purpose cows are high milk yielders, with extended lactation. 1. Sahiwal 2. Sindhi 3. Gir 4. Umblachery 5. Karan swiss Dual purpose cows are meant for milk and bullocks are meant for 1. Hariana 2. Ongole 3. ...

Livestock and Management The well being of human population is directly linked to the natural resources of a country. Natural resources are of various kinds. They are plants, animals, land, water and minerals. Animal husbandry and dairying have been mainly rural-based, generating employment and revenue among the rural people. Extensive studies have been undertaken by ICAR (Indian Council for Agricultural Research), State Agricultural Universities, and non-governmental research organizations, etc, to improve the livestock and its management. Intensive crossbreeding programme in cattle has led to the evolution of high-yielding milch animals. Livestock and Management Dairy Dairy operation consists of proper maintenance of cattle, the collection of milk, processing the milk, and its by products. Dairying is the production and marketing of milk and its products. Dairy technology made rapid growth in the later half of the 19th century. New methods and equipments are available for machine-mil...

Fresh water crisis and management Clean, fresh water is essential for nearly every human activity. Perhaps more than any other environmental factors, the availability of water determines the location and activities of humans beings. Almost all agricultural operations which supply food to humanity need water. Freshwater resources Of the total water available on earth, only 3% is fresh water. 1. Glaciers, ice and snow : Of the 3 percent of all water that is fresh, about three – fourths is tied up in glaciers, ice caps and snowfields. They occur only at high altitudes or high latitudes. 2. Ground water : After glaciers, the next largest reservoir of fresh water is held in the ground in ground water. Water held in the lower soil layers is known as water table. Porous- water bearing layers of sand, gravel and rock are called aquifers. 3. Lakes and Ponds : Lakes are inland depressions that hold standing fresh water year around. Ponds are small temporary or permanent bodies of shallow wate...

Poverty and environment Poverty is a condition of having insufficient resources or income. It is a lack of basic human needs such as adequate and nutritious food, clothing, housing, clean water and health services. Extreme poverty can cause terrible suffering and death. The world’s poorest people – many of whom live in developing areas of Africa, Asia, Latin America, Eastern Europe – struggle for daily food, shelter and other necessities. They often suffer from severe malnutrition, epidemic disease outbreaks, famine and war. In wealthier countries – such as United States, Canada, Japan and those in Western Europe – the effects of poverty may include poor nutrition, mental illness, drug dependence and crime. Extreme poverty, which threatens people’s health or lives, is known as destitution or absolute poverty. A condition of having fewer resources or less income than others within a society or country when compared to worldwide averages is known as the relative poverty. The cycle of pov...

Environmental impacts of Power Sources 1. Thermal Power The air, water and soil pollution caused by these plants in terms of fly ash, CO2, SO2, NO2 and particulates etc. is becoming unacceptable in the environmentally conscious society 2. Hydro power Hydro-electric power generation is associated with displacement and resettlement of human population from the site of hydel plant to other places. This leads to considerable human problems causing considerable delay in the implementation of the project and escalation of its cost. New dams built may affect the ecosystem of the locating sites. 3.Nuclear power Radioactive pollutants released form nuclear power plants are chronically hazardous. The commissioning of boiling water power reactors (BWRS) have resulted in the critical accumulation of large number of long lived radionuclides in water. Environmentalists argue that thermal effluents from nuclear reactors have acutely affected the aquatic eco system. The dangerous radioactive waste can...

Energy crisis Energy crisis is due to the increase in population accompanied by rapid urbanization and industrialization. Our resources of petroleum and natural gas are dwindling day by day. We can hardly expect the oil industry to operate at full capacity until the last drop is removed from the ground. It appears that we will run out of petroleum and natural gas by about 2020 unless domestic supplies are extended by taking one or more of the following steps. Steps to be taken to resolve energy crisis 1.Reduce the consumption of fuels : The principal target areas are heating and transportation, which account for about 18% and 25% respectively, of our total energy requirements. The consumption of fuel in these areas can be reduced by (a) proper insulation of existing buildings and design changes in new constructions (eg. using less plate glass), (it saves about 33% of energy) (b)improving the fuel economy of automobiles, (c) using more efficient means of transportation. (Energy crisis) ...

Energy crisis and its environmental impact Energy may be defined as any property, which can be produced from or converted into work. In today’s world for any development and for all industrial operations, energy is a prerequisite. Life is unthinkable without energy. Energy production and energy utilization are the indicators of a country’s progress. Heat, light, electricity are different forms of energy. While energy drives the world, the energy generated and utilised affects environment on a phenomenal scale. More population, rapid industrialisation, increased energy generation, over production, uncontrolled consumption and damages to environment are all inter-linked issues.  Major issues are slowly being converted into crisis threatening our survival. (Energy crisis and its environmental impact) Background history of energy usage Fire was probably the first human energy technology. Charcoal from fires has been found at sites occupied by our early ancestors. Wind and waterpower have b...