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Capture of Power Back to Topic list of 10th Social Science Under the inspiring leadership of Hitler, the Nazi Party grew in power and number. In the election of 1932′ the Nazi party became the 2″d largest group in the German Parliament (Reichstag-LowerHouse). ln 1933, the Nazists became the largest party in the German  Parliament, and Hitler became the  Chancellor and Hindenburg as President. On the death of President Hindenburg in August 1934, Hitler made himself President and Chancellor. He abolished the Weimar Republic and proclaimed Third Reich (Empire) with himself as dictator. Thus Hitler became the Fuhrer (Leader) of Germany. Hitler declared, ‘One People’ ‘One State’ ‘One Leader’ Achievement of hitler The Nazis glorified the German State, Hitler boasted about the superiority of the Nordic race which stood for the rise of all the great culture and had utmost contempt for the Semitic Jews. He wanted to maintain a German race with Nord...

Nazism in Germany ( A.D.1933 – A.D.1945) Back to Topic list of 10th Social Science Germany, a powerful empire in the early years of the 20th century, fought the First World War (1914-1918) against  the  Allies  (England, France and Russia). Germany made initial gains    by   occupying  France  and Belgium. However the Allies strengthened by the US entry in 1917, defeated Germany and the Central Powers in November 1918. Defeat of Germany The defeat of Imperial Germany and the abdication of the Emperor William II gave an opportunity to parliamentary parties to  recast German polity. A National Assembly met at Weimar and established a democratic   constitution  with federal structure. This  republic, however, was not received well by its own people. The  Peace  Treaty  at  Versailles with the Allies was a harsh and humiliating one. Germany lost its overseas colonies and one tenth of its population. The  Allied Powers demilitarized Germany to weaken its power. Germany was forced to pa...

Achievements of Italy under Mussolini Back to Topic list of 10th Social Science Mussolini was a great leader. He wanted to make Italy a powerful nation. So, he adopted various  methods. Mussolini established peace and order and he provided a stable government. Mussolini brought order and discipline in the industrial field. The “Charter of Labour” issued by him provided great relief to workers. Industries were freed from strikes. Mussolini took several measures to increase production. Marshes were drained. Canals were dug. Reclamation projects  were launched. Hydroelectric schemes were undertaken. Railways and other means of transportation were improved. A fair degree of self sufficiency was achieved. As a realistic administrator, Mussolini patched up with the Pope. A conflict that had been going on for nearly 60 years between the Papacy and the Italian government came to an end by the Latern Treaty of 1929, signed  between the  Pope and Mussolini. By this treaty Mussolini re...

Mussolini Benito (1883 -1945) Back to Topic list of 10th Social Science Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini was born on July 29,1883 at Romagna in East-Central Italy. His father was a blacksmith and  mother was  a elementary schoolteacher. Mussolini graduated in 1902 and became a schoolteacher. He gave up that post and came to Switzerland. He came into contact with Lenin and learned his ideology. He became an editor of Italian socialist paper in Austria. He was expelled from Austria and returned to Italy. He edited a socialist paper called Avanti, the official voice of Italian Socialism. During the first World War, he gave up his policy and joined the military.After the war he gathered round him a band of young enthusiasts who came to be known as Fascists. With the help of the fascists, he organised the National Fascist Party in November 1921. Saizuro of Power by the Fascists On October 30, 1922,the Fascists organized a march to Rome and showed their strength. The government surrendered. ...

Fascism in ltaly (A.D.1922- A.D.1945) Back to Topic list of 10th Social Science The  term  Fascism is  derived from the Latin word ‘Fasces’ means  a bundle or group. Mussolini of Italy, who is associated with Fascism, organized in the beginning groups of young persons or gangs called the ‘fasces’,to create terror among the people who were considered enemies of the nation. Fascism rests on four pillars of charismatic leadership, single party rule under a dictator, terror and economic control. Mussolini believed in the efficacy of  these slogans and their accompanying action:·Believe,Obey, Fight and The More Force,The More Honour. Reasons for the emergence of Fascism The prevailing economic, social and political conditions were very favourable to the rise of fascismin Italy. Economic crisis Italy faced with a great economic crisis on account of the huge expenditure incurred on the war. The national debt increased manifold. There was social unrest and economic distr...

Franklin D Roosevelt Back to Topic list of 10th Social Science The policy formulated to overcome depression by Franklin D Roosevelt is known as New  Deal.  It  Includes Relief,Recovery and Reforms The  Tennessee Valley Authority was established for the promotion of construction of dams, power plants, navigation projects, flood control projects, soil conservation, and reforestation programmes. The  Federal    Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) was set up to provide with 500 million dollars to be given to the state and local governments. Federal Reserve Bank was set up to provide loans to banking institutions and industries. The Security Exchange Act 1934, issued license to stock exchange. The National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) was passed to reform the conditions of the workers by raising wages and lowering their working hours. The  Agricultural  Adjustment  Act (AAA) was passed to provide compensation to farmers who curtailed agricultural production there by to raise prices. Ef...

Wo r ld Between The Two World  Wars  (A.D.1919·A.D.1939) Economic Depression Back to Topic list of 10th Social Science The economic depression in late 1929 was one of the most important events of the world between the two wars. It is called ‘Great’as it adversely affected almost all the great countries of the world except USSR. The Great Depression  which  began  in USA, extremely affected the European countries Causes The main cause of the depression was the collapse of American share market. The share market collapse was due to speculation on borrowed money. In 1929 Herbert Hoover became the President of America. During his period the share market reached its zenith. Share market was the greatest craze in America. People from all walks of life bought shares not for the dividend but for resale value. They wanted to become rich quickly “The Great Depression..began on Oct 24, 1929 with the fall in the prices of shares. It created panic and people began to sell their sha...

Causes for the failure of the League of Nations Back to Topic list of 10th Social Science The League of Nations did not succeed in its prime aim of settling disputes among nations through peaceful means. Its failure was not its fault. It was indeed the failure of the member nations because they were responsible for it. 1) The United States of America, whose President was responsible f o r founding the League of Nations, could not become a member. Hence the league looked like a building without deep foundation. 2) Whenever the member nations were not happy with the attitude of the League, they were permitted to leave the Organisation. 3) In 1931 Japan captured Manchuria and  renamed  it Manchuko and made it a puppet state. When the League protested against this, Japan resigned from the League. It weakened the League. 4)   The  League  of  Nations  did  not have a permanent force or army of i t s own to implement its policies. 5)  The rise of   dictatorship   in Italy, Japan and Germany ...

The Fundamental Principles of the League of Nations Back to Topic list of 10th Social Science The  following were the fundamental principles of the League of Nations. It should promote unity among nations and keep peace and security in the world. The member nations of the League should respect and safeguard the frontiers of the neighboring nations without indulging in acts of aggression. The member nations should solve the problems arising among themselves only through the League of Nations. They should wait  atleast  for  three  months  to hear from the League of Nations. If any of the member nations would indulge in war violating the conditions of the League,  the affected nations would be saved, even by resorting to the weapons of war. All treaties contrary to the principles of the League of Nations should be given up. Organs of the League of Nations The GeneralAssembly The Council The Secretariat An International Court of Justice International Labour Organization. Achievements of t...

THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS -1920 Back to Topic list of 10th Social Science In the flames of World War I, Europe was consumed. It made the western countries to realize some international organization must be set up to prevent  war in future. On the initiative of Woodrow Wilson, the President of USA, in January, 1919 a Peace Conference was  held in  Paris and  the representatives of forty two countries took part in it. A council of ten with two representatives each from America, Britain, France, Italy and Japan was formed. They worked hard to make the council  function  well.  But  Francis Clemenceau of France, Lloyd George of England, Woodrow Wilson of America and Orlando of Italy, played a major  role  in  the  conference. The League of Nations was founded on the basis of their ideas. In the Paris Peace Conference a suggestion was  given  for the establishment of  an organization of nations. It was thought that only such an organization could prevent any future wars in the world. Before the...

Results of the War Back to Topic list of 10th Social Science The First World War came to an end by the Pans Peace Conference of 1919. The main personalities of the conference were, Clemenceau of France, Lloyd George of Britain, Orlando of Italy and President Woodrow Wilson of America. The Peace Treaty with Germany was signed and it was called as Treaty of Versailles. Separate treaties were also concluded with other defeated countries. The Treaty of St Germaine was concluded with Austria,the Treaty of Trianon with Hungary, the Treaty of Neuilly with Bulgaria and the Treaty of Sevares with Turkey. It was on the Fourteen Points put forward  by President Woodrow Wilson the terms of the treaties were drafted. The important  terms of the treaties were the following. The covenant  of  the  League  of Nations was drawn up. A huge war indemnity was imposed on Germany. Her army was Germany surrendered Alsace and Lorraine to France. She also gave up the Saar coal field to be occupied by France fo...

Cours e of the War Back to Topic list of 10th Social Science The First World War began in July,28,   1914  and    lasted till November,11,1918. The countries which were on the side of Germany were called as the Central Powers and those on the side of Britain as the Allies. Artillery, Tanks and Submarines were used in the war. War in the Western Front Germany started the offensive and she invaded France by crossing Belgium. The British and French forces were not able to stop the advance of the German forces. But in the Battle of Marne, the Allies were able to hold them in check. Both the armies dug trenches and fought from them. War in the Eastern Front The Russian forces attacked both Germany and Austria. But Russia suffered a defeat at the Battle of Tannenberg. When Austria was facing a crisis, Germany came to its aid. German forces inflicted heavy losses on the Russian forces and forced them to withdraw  from the Austrian territories. War in the Near East Front In October 1914, Turk...

First World War(A.D.1914 ·A.D.1918) League of Nations Back to Topic list of 10th Social Science The great war known as World War-1 made a mockery of the peace and abundance prophesied by the statesmen and scientists of the 19th century. It was called as the World War as it engulfed all the countries of the world directly or indirectly. The war had its impact on the material and non­ material resources of the entire world. Causes  for the First World War Ambition of Germany The  unification  of  Germany  in 1870 made Germany industrially developed. She needed additional markets and raw materials. Her colonies in Africa were not potentially rich as possessed by England and France. Kaiser William II of Germany believed that his country alone was competent to rule the whole world. He could not tolerate the British saying that the sun never sets in the British Empire. Germany needed colonies not only as a sign of her world importance but also for her growing population. In order to protect ...

Taiping Rebellion- A.O 1854 Back to Topic list of 10th Social Science The Americans, the French and other foreign countries signed similar treaties with China. The Chinese rebelled against the native Manchu kings and the foreigners in 1854. The rebellion was  known as Taiping Rebellion and it was also suppressed. Second Opium war A.D1857-A.D 1860 The foreigners demanded more ports for  trade. The  Chinese government rejected the demand. The British and French bombarded and captured Canton in 1857.It was called as the Second Opium War. The Chinese were defeated and agreed to sign the Treaty at Peking in 1860. The Chinese ceded the port of Kowloon to Great Britain and opened more ports for other Europeans. Boxer  Rebellion After Second Opium war, there prevailed peace and tranquility in China for some time. When China was defeated by Japan in the First Sino – Japanese war in 1894, China had to give the Island of Formosa (Taiwan) to Japan. The Chinese got angry with the Manchu ruler....

Imperialism in India Back to Topic list of 10th Social Science The political condition i.e. the rivalry among the native rulers rather than the motive of the British instigated imperialism in India. The England East India Company was formed in 1600 in England and later it set up a trading post at Surat with the permission of Mughal Emperor, Jahangir. In the next few years the Mughals granted Britain the right to trade and to establish factories in exchange for English naval protection  to the Mughal Empire, which faced Portuguese sea power. In 1664, the French East India Company was established by Colbert, a minister of Louis XIV of France and opened  trading centres in India. There started rivalry between France and Britain. It led to Carnatic wars resulting in the uprooting of the French influence in India. In  1757,  the  Nawab  of  Bengal Siraj-Ud-Daulah, opposed the British attempts to use Duty free Trade in Bengal. It resulted in the Battle of Plassey in 1757 led by Robert Clive....

Effects of Imperialism Back to Topic list of 10th Social Science Positive Effects: The powerful nations developed the transport and communication facilities in the weaker nations. Formal educational system was They improved medical care, and better methods of sanitation. They  introduced new farming methods, to get increased food production. These changes meant less death in the colonies, and overall improvement in the standard of living. It promoted order, discipline and unity in countries. Negative Effects: The colonies had no freedom. They were exploited and treated as slaves. Imperialism led to the exploitation of the natural resources of the colonies. The  colonies  were  used  as  the suppliers of raw materials and markets for finished products. The colonies plunged into poverty and unemployment due to the disappearance of   indigenous industries. The traditional pattern of agriculture was completely changed as the natives were forced to cultivate raw materials than food crops. T...

Causes for the rise of imperialism Industrial Revolution Back to Topic list of 10th Social Science Industrial Revolution in European countries resulted in a great increase in production. So it created a great demand for raw materials and new markets in Asian  and African continents where  the  industrial revolution had not yet spread. They could not find market in Europe as they followed ‘Protective Trade Policy’. The purchasing power of the people was also less due to capitalism. It also introduced a great progress in the means of transport  and communication. The telegraph system linked the whole world and reduced great distances. The development of railways speeded up the movement of goods between colonies and the mother country. So it was easier to bring raw materials and to take the finished goods to the markets in the interior parts of the colonies in Asia and Africa. National security The sense of national security and self -sufficiency among the European political gr...

10th Standard Social Science (History, Geography, Civics, Economics) History Unit 1 Audio Explanation Imperialism- Imperialism in India and China The major forms of Imperialism Causes for the rise of imperialism Effects of Imperialism Imperialism in India & china Taiping Rebellion, Second Opium war, Boxer  Rebellion, The End of Imperialism Unit 2 Audio Explanation First World War (A.D.1914 ·A.D.1918) League of Nations First World War and its Causes Course of the First World War Results of the War THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS -1920 Fundamental Principles, Organs and Achievements of League Nations Causes for the failure of the League of Nations First World War Unit 3 Audio Explanation World Between The Two World Wars (A.D.1919·A.D.1939) ·Economic Depression World Between The Two World Wars Causes Economic Depression Franklin D Roosevelt, Effects of Economic Depression Fascism in ltaly (A.D.1922- A.D.1945) Mussolini Benito(1883 -1945) Saizuro of Power Fascist Party Achievements of Italy unde...

Imperialism in India and China Colonialism and Imperialism The policy  adopted by the European countries from AD1492- AD1763 is known as Colonialism. During this period England, France, Spain and Portugal established their colonies in the Asian and American continents. Back to Topic list of 10th Social Science Colonialism refers to the policy of acquiring and maintaining colonies especially for exploitation. It also means that it is a relationship between an indigenous majority and minority foreign invaders. Imperialism is a state policy and is developed for ideological as well as financial reasons. Imperialism is the concept  whereas  colonialism  is the practice. This policy of imperialism followed by European countries from A.D.1870- A.D.1945 is known as  New Imperialism. The major forms of Imperialism Imperialism took three major forms in the 19th century. Military Imperialism Ruling a country directly by the military forces is called as Military Imperialism. For example, the USA...